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Study Terms. GLOBAL JIHAD Jihadist movement grew out of US-supported war against Soviet occupation of Afghanistan in 1980s. A global jihadist organization? “Al Qaeda-linked” Osama bin Laden views himself as having three broad roles in the global jihadist movement: 1. Conduct military operations against the United States. 2. Train insurgent fighters to fight their respective governments. *3. Provide the leadership necessary to instigate and incite jihad worldwide (the vanguard) Global tribe held together not by command-and-control structures but by gripping sense of shared belonging, principles of fusion against an outside enemy and a jihadist narrative so compelling that it amounts to an ideology and a doctrine. Motivated by religion? Jihadist recruits see Islam more as a national identity than a religion. But jihadist ideology has roots in a form of Muslim thought that dates back hundreds of years. Origins of jihad: Spiritual forefather Ibn Taymiyyah, 13th C. Iraq rebelled against Mongols. The notion that some Muslims are not truly Muslims key to jihadist worldview. Islam: submission to God. After Muhammed, succession crisis: Umayyhad (ruling caste) v. partisans of Ali ibn Abi Talib (became Caliph, head of state & religion in 656). Civil war: Ali & his shia the minority. People of the book, but “crusaders” today. Ottoman Empire: intellectual accomplishments: math, science & architecture. Ended in WWI aided by Brit-supported “Arab revolt.” Balfour homeland for Jewish people. Founding warrior of jihadism: Muhammed ibn Abd al-Wahhab (led revolt against Ottomans in early 18th C.). Disciples included tribal leader Muhammed Ibn Saud: created Saudi Arabia 1932. New militant Islam in Egypt: the Muslim Brotherhood. Sayyid Qutb leader in 1960s. Influenced by salafiyya, term used interchangeably with Wahhabi. Revolution in 1970s: Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi overthrown in 1979 by Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini. Egypt: Presdient Anwar Al-Sadat assassinated. Al-Zawahiri had supported mujahedeen in Afghanistan where he returned in 1985 to meet bin Laden. Osama saw US weak in not fighting to keep Shah in power. Reagan withdrew forces from Lebanon after Hezbollah attacks. Somalia & Black Hawk Down. Anti-West jihad: bin Laden’s “Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders” 1998 fatwah: killing American and their allies—civilians and military—is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it.” Al-Zawahiri cosigned. US embassies in Kenya & Tanzania; USS Cole. Londonistan farewell. Sleeper cells? Visa waiver program (VWP). Saudi Succession. Another attack on US inevitable. xxx Mao Tse-tung Premier Kim Il Sung “police action” thirty-eighth parallel Yalu River Dean Acheson Trygve Lie “Greece of the Far East” President Chiang Kai-shek Republic of Korea Republic of China Inchon landing “Unified Command” hubris Sino-American friendship Kim Jong Il Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) International Monetary Fund (IMF) “A one size fits all” economic regimen World Bank Plan Columbian Washington Consensus VAT Alejandro Toledo Lula Hugo Chavez Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia (FARC) Columbus’ 3rd voyage to New World Amerigo Vespucci Pedro Alvares Cabral Incas Francisco Pizarro conquistadors Council of the Indies haciendas mestizos Age of Enlightenment Simon Bolivar Francisco de Miranda Jose de San Martin Dom Pedro caudillos Monroe Doctrine Good Neighbor Policy Organization of American States (OAS) Getulio Vargas Juan Peron Augusto Pinochet “disappeared” Falkland Islands war Mercusor Mein Kampf Lebensraum idée fixe Hitler-Stalin pact Aufbau Ost Wehrmacht Mussolini in Greece coup d’état in Yugoslavia 1941 Barbarossa Blitzkrieg Great Purge of the 1930s second front Stalin’s volte-face Third Reich Ostarbeiter Weltanschauung “great patriotic war” Vyacheslav Molotov Herman Goering Charles Taylor Idi Amin Mobutu Sese Seko HIV/AIDS Freedom House G-8 Mwai Kibaki Daniel Arap Moi civil society groups Thabo Mbeki NGOs Biafra Millennium Challenge Account (MCA) Olusegun Obasanjo Colonial powers IMF Infrastructure British Colonial Office independence “domino effect” Francophone French Community Mau Mau apartheid Rhodesia Patrice Lumumba ANC Joseph Mobutu “structural adjustment” programs Mohammed Said Barre Mengistu Haile Mariam Hastings Banda Kaunda F.W. de Klerk Nelson Mandela African socialism Right conditions for foreign investment Tutsi Hutu machetes New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) Janjaweed The African Union Africa Growth and Opportunity Act U.N. Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) International Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide International Criminal Court (ICC) “proportionality” Lemkin “genocide” Darfur Atrocity crimes Mixed tribunals 1915 Armenians in Turkey Misperception Kaiser’s blank check Nibelungentreue Sarajevo assassination ukase von Berchtold’s ultimatum “Also doch!” “God’s will be done.” Nation of shopkeepers Kaiser’s twelve-hour ultimatum to Russia Apotheosis of mediocrity Schlieffen Plan “Willy-Nicky” telegrams Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand Emperor Francis Joseph 2000 Trafficking Victims Protection Act ILO Christian Solidarity International (CSI) UNICEF manumission “the daughter of darkness” jus cogens William Wilberforce Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish the Trafficking in Persons Nicholas D. Kristof “unlawful combatants” Ukraine’s Forced Famine 1949 Geneva Convention POWs The “just war” St. Augustine of Hippo St. Thomas Aquinas Hugo Grotius Operation Enduring Freedom John R. Bolton Guantanamo Bay Crimean War International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Jean-Henry Dunant war crime trials Battle of Solferino 1859 Nuremburg and Tokyo “crimes against humanity” Convention for the Amelioration of the Wounded and Sick in the Armies in the Field United Nations Genocide Convention of 1948 The Hague Arusha, Tanzania Warrior Politics by Robert D. Kaplan John Hope Franklin War as sickness War as learned behavior 21st century sea changes in the nature of war Doctrine of preemption Winners of 20th century wars “Attention must be paid” America’s first step toward becoming an imperial power You know it when you see it.
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